The United Kingdom:
- Legislative-executive system: Parliamentary
- Legislative: Parliament
- Lower House: House of Commons
- Upper House: House of Lords
- Unitary or Federal Division of Power: Unitary
- Main Geographic Subunits: England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland
- Electoral System for Lower House: Single-member district with plurality
- Chief Judicial Body: Supreme Court
- Political Parties:
- Liberal Democratic Party: two-and-a-half-party system
- The Labour Party: socialism and advocated a cross-class appeal
- The Conservative Party: leftist
- The Liberal Democrats: mix of classical liberalism’s phasis on both individual freedom and a weak state and social democracy’s emphasis on collective equality.
Russia:
- Legislative-executive system: Semi-presidential
- Legislature: Federal Assembly
- Lower House: State Duma
- Upper House: Federation Council
- Unitary or Federal Division of Power: Federal
- Main Geographic Subunits: Republics, provinces, territories, autonomous districts, federal cities
- Electoral System for Lower House: Proportional Representation
- Electoral System for Upper House: Appointed by Local Executive and Legislature
- Chief Judicial Body: Constitutional Court
- Political Parties:
- Parties of Power: represented the largest segment of parties in the Duma
- Communist and Leftist Parties: social-democratic organizations, yet remains close to its communist ideology and rejects Western capitalism and globalization.
- Nationalist Parties: extreme nationalism
- Liberal Parties: pro-western and pro-market economy
China:
- Legislative-executive system: Communist Party authoritarian regime
- Legislature: Unicameral National People’s Congress (nominal authority only)
- Unitary or Federal Division of Power: Unitary
- Main Geographic Subunits: Provinces
- Electoral System for Lower House: Not applicable
- Chief Judicial Body: Supreme People’s Court (nominal authority only)
- Political Parties:
- The Chinese Communist Party: essential as political influence, Three Represents (workers, peasants, and private entrepreneurs)
- The Succession and Circulation of Elites: no institutionalized ‘vice office’ to ease the transition to a successor when the top leader dies.
India:
- Legislative-executive system: Parliamentary
- Legislature: Parliament
- Lower House: House of the People
- Upper House: Council of States
- Unitary or Federal Division of Power: Federal
- Main Geographic Subunits: States
- Electoral System for Lower House: Single-Member District Plurality
- Electoral System for Upper House: Supreme Court
- Political Parties:
- The Congress Party (INC): ‘secularism’, social reform, and to continue to eliminate caste discrimination. Regionalized multiparty system and coalition governments.
- The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) : Hindu nationalist party, support for secularism, anti-Muslim.
- Parties of the Left (Left Front): collection of communist and other left leaning parties whose popularity for many years seemed unaffected by the declining success of communist parties and countries elsewhere in the world.
- Regional and Other Parties: new rise in power and it depends on the states
Iran:
- Legislative-executive system: Semi-presidential Theocracy
- Legislature: Majilis
- Lower House: Majilis
- Upper House: (none)
- Unitary or Federal Division of Power: Unitary
- Main Geographic Subunits: Ostan (provinces)
- Electoral System for Lower House: Single-member and multi member district majority
- Chief Judicial Body: Supreme Court
- Political Parties:
Mexico:
- Legislative-executive system: Presidential
- Legislature: Congreso de la Unión (National Congress)
- Lower House: Cámara de Diputados (Federal Chamber of Deputies)
- Upper House: Camara de Senadores (Senate)
- Unitary or Federal Division of Power: Federal
- Main Geographic Subunits: estados (states)
- Electoral System for Lower House: Mixed single-member district and proportional representation
- Chief Judicial Body: Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (National Supreme Court of Justice)
- Political Parties:
- Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD): Mexico’s left party and advocate more nationalist and protectionist politics. They struggle as a leftist party due to internal fighting and being unable to capture enough voters.
- The Partido Acción Nacional (PAN): Mexico’s right party, has a strong organizational presence, and advocate for states’ rights and opposed the centralization of power. They struggle with internal division and suffer from its geographic concentration of the vote.
- Mexican Green Party (PVEM); opportunistic party, allied with the leftist PRD, and changed its alliance and now runs in an electoral alliance with the PRI.
MORENA (National Regeneration Movement): divides Mexico’s left and it helped open the doors for new leadership for PRD members.
Nigeria:
- Legislative-executive system: Presidential
- Legislature: National Assembly
- Lower House: House of Representatives
- Upper House: Senate
- Unitary or Federal Division of Power: Federal
- Main Geographic Subunits: States
- Electoral System for Lower House: Single-member district plurality
- Chief Judicial Body: Supreme Court
- Political Parties: based on ethnic identities